Imagine your phone being hacked, not because you clicked a sketchy link, downloaded a malicious file, or entered a password on a fake site, but simply because you received a message. You didn't even open it. That's the chilling reality of zero-click attacks.

Unlike traditional cyberattacks that rely on social engineering or user interaction, zero-click exploits require absolutely no action from the victim. They silently infiltrate devices by exploiting vulnerabilities in software that automatically processes data, like messaging apps, email clients, or voice-over-IP (VoIP) services.

How Do Zero-Click Attacks Work?

At their core, zero-click attacks target flaws in how applications parse incoming data. For example:

  • A malformed image in a messaging app might trigger a memory corruption bug.
  • A specially crafted iMessage or WhatsApp call could execute malicious code before the ring even sounds.

Because these apps constantly listen for incoming data (to deliver messages or calls in real time), attackers can weaponize that "always-on" behavior to gain full control, often with zero indication to the user.

Where Are Zero-Click Attacks Used?

While theoretically possible against any network-connected software, they're most commonly deployed in high-value espionage:

  • Nation-state actors (like NSO Group's Pegasus operators) use them to spy on journalists, activists, and government officials.
  • Corporate espionage may leverage them to steal intellectual property.
  • Cybercriminals are beginning to adopt them as exploit tools become more accessible.

Their stealth and reliability make them prized tools in advanced persistent threat (APT) campaigns.

Real-World Victims: Apps & Platforms Targeted

Over the past few years, several major platforms have fallen victim to zero-click exploits:

  • Apple iMessage: Repeatedly targeted by Pegasus spyware (2021 "FORCEDENTRY" exploit). Victims included human rights defenders and politicians no interaction needed.
  • WhatsApp: In 2019, a zero-click vulnerability allowed attackers to install spyware via a missed VoIP call.
  • Samsung Messages: A 2022 zero-click flaw (CVE-2022–22292) let attackers compromise devices through a malicious image.
  • Google Pixel & Android: Project Zero documented zero-click exploits targeting Android's media framework and messaging services.
  • Microsoft Exchange & Outlook: Though less common, email clients have also been vectors for interactionless exploits.

Why Should You Care — Even If You're Not a Target?

While zero-click attacks often focus on high-profile individuals, the underlying vulnerabilities exist in software everyone uses. A flaw in iMessage or WhatsApp affects millions, not just the intended spy targets. And as these techniques evolve, they risk trickling down to broader cybercrime.

Moreover, the existence of such exploits underscores a harsh truth: trust is no longer enough. Even "secure" ecosystems like iOS aren't immune.

How to Stay Protected

Complete prevention is nearly impossible…but you can reduce risk:

  • Keep software updated: Most zero-click patches are issued silently by vendors.
  • Minimize attack surface: Disable unused messaging or calling features if not needed.
  • Use security tools: Enterprise MDM, endpoint detection, and network monitoring can flag anomalous behavior.
  • Assume breach: For high-risk users, compartmentalize sensitive activities on dedicated, hardened devices.

The Bottom Line

Zero-click attacks represent a paradigm shift in cybersecurity: you no longer have to make a mistake to be compromised. As digital life becomes more automated and interconnected, the line between convenience and vulnerability blurs.

Staying informed isn't paranoia, it's preparedness. In the age of invisible threats, awareness is your first line of defense.